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    <li><a href="#什么是-nginx">什么是 nginx</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx应用场景">nginx应用场景</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx优缺点">nginx优缺点</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginxconf介绍">nginx.conf介绍</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#nginxconf文件的结构">nginx.conf文件的结构</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#配置静态访问">配置静态访问</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx实现反向代理">nginx实现反向代理</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#什么是反向代理">什么是反向代理?</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#host文件新增">Host文件新增</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginxconf配置">nginx.conf配置</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx实现负载均衡">nginx实现负载均衡</a>
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        <li><a href="#什么是负载均衡">什么是负载均衡</a></li>
        <li><a href="#负载均衡策略">负载均衡策略</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#nginx解决网站跨域问题">nginx解决网站跨域问题</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx配置防盗链">nginx配置防盗链</a></li>
    <li><a href="#nginx配置ddos">nginx配置DDOS</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">nginx入门</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2019年10月7日
        </date>
        
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            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='https://laoer123.gitee.io/categories/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8'>服务器</a></span>
            
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            <h2 id="什么是-nginx">什么是 nginx</h2>
<p>  nginx是一款高性能的http 服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件（IMAP/POP3）代理服务器。<br>
由俄罗斯的程序设计师Igor Sysoev所开发，官方测试nginx能够支支撑5万并发链接，并且cpu、内存等资源消耗却非常低，<br>
运行非常稳定，所以现在很多知名的公司都在使用nginx。</p>
<h2 id="nginx应用场景">nginx应用场景</h2>
<ol>
<li>http服务器。Nginx是一个http服务可以独立提供http服务。可以做网页静态服务器。</li>
<li>虚拟主机。可以实现在一台服务器虚拟出多个网站。例如个人网站使用的虚拟主机。</li>
<li>反向代理，负载均衡。当网站的访问量达到一定程度后，单台服务器不能满足用户的请求时，<br>
需要用多台服务器集群可以使用nginx做反向代理。<br>
并且多台服务器可以平均分担负载，不会因为某台服务器负载高宕机而某台服务器闲置的情况。
<img src="/img/nginx%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF.png" alt="alt nginx"></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="nginx优缺点">nginx优缺点</h2>
<p>占内存小，可以实现高并发连接、处理响应快。<br>
可以实现http服务器、虚拟主机、反向代理、负载均衡。<br>
nginx配置简单<br>
可以不暴露真实服务器IP地址</p>
<h2 id="nginxconf介绍">nginx.conf介绍</h2>
<h3 id="nginxconf文件的结构">nginx.conf文件的结构</h3>
<p>nginx的配置由特定的标识符(指令符)分为多个不同的模块。<br>
指令符分为简单指令和块指令。</p>
<ol>
<li>简单指令格式：[name parameters;]</li>
<li>块指令格式：和简单指令格式有一样的结构，但其结束标识符不是分号，而是大括号{},<br>
块指令内部可以包含simple directives 和block directives,可以称块指令为上下文(e.g. events, http, server, location)conf文件中，<br>
所有不属于块指令的简单指令都属于main上下文的，http块指令属于main上下文,server块指令http上下文。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="配置静态访问">配置静态访问</h2>
<p>Web server很重要一部分工作就是提供静态页面的访问，例如images, html page。nginx可以通过不同的配置，<br>
根据request请求，从本地的目录提供不同的文件返回给客户端。<br>
打开安装目录下的nginx.conf文件，默认配置文件已经在http指令块中创建了一个空的server块，<br>
在nginx-1.8.0中的http块中已经创建了一个默认的server块。内容如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">server {
        listen       80;
server_namelocalhost;
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
error_page500502503504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        } 
}
</code></pre><h2 id="nginx实现反向代理">nginx实现反向代理</h2>
<h3 id="什么是反向代理">什么是反向代理?</h3>
<p>  反向代理（Reverse Proxy）方式是指以代理服务器来接受internet上的连接请求，然后将请求转发给内部网络上的服务器，<br>
并将从服务器上得到的结果返回给internet上请求连接的客户端，此时代理服务器对外就表现为一个反向代理服务器。</p>
<p>启动一个Tomcat 127.0.0.1:8080<br>
使用nginx反向代理 8080.epsoft.com 直接跳转到127.0.0.1:8080</p>
<h2 id="host文件新增">Host文件新增</h2>
<div class="highlight"><div style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4">
<table style="border-spacing:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;width:auto;overflow:auto;display:block;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;">
<pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code><span style="margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f">1
</span><span style="margin-right:0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0 0.4em;color:#7f7f7f">2
</span></code></pre></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;;width:100%">
<pre style="background-color:#fff;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-txt" data-lang="txt">127.0.0.1 8080.epsoft.com
127.0.0.1 b8081.epsoft.com
</code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h2 id="nginxconf配置">nginx.conf配置</h2>
<p>配置信息:</p>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf"> server {
        listen       80;
server_name  8080.epsoft.com;
        location / {
		proxy_pass  http://127.0.0.1:8080;
			index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
     server {
        listen       80;
server_name  b8081.epsoft.com;
        location / {
		proxy_pass  http://127.0.0.1:8081;
			index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
</code></pre><h2 id="nginx实现负载均衡">nginx实现负载均衡</h2>
<h3 id="什么是负载均衡">什么是负载均衡</h3>
<p>  负载均衡 建立在现有网络结构之上，它提供了一种廉价有效透明的方法扩展网络设备和服务器的带宽、<br>
增加吞吐量、加强网络数据处理能力、提高网络的灵活性和可用性。<br>
负载均衡，英文名称为Load Balance，其意思就是分摊到多个操作单元上进行执行，例如Web服务器、FTP服务器、<br>
企业关键应用服务器和其它关键任务服务器等，从而共同完成工作任务。<br>
<img src="/img/nginx%E8%B4%9F%E8%BD%BD%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1.png" alt="alt nginx"></p>
<h3 id="负载均衡策略">负载均衡策略</h3>
<ol>
<li>轮询（默认）<br>
每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器，如果后端服务器down掉，能自动剔除。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">upstream backserver { 
server 192.168.0.14; 
server 192.168.0.15; 
} 
</code></pre><ol start="2">
<li>指定权重<br>
指定轮询几率，weight和访问比率成正比，用于后端服务器性能不均的情况。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">upstream backserver { 
server 192.168.0.14 weight=10; 
server 192.168.0.15 weight=10; 
} 
</code></pre><ol start="3">
<li>IP绑定 ip_hash<br>
每个请求按访问ip的hash结果分配，这样每个访客固定访问一个后端服务器，可以解决session的问题。</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">upstream backserver { 
ip_hash; 
server 192.168.0.14:88; 
server 192.168.0.15:80; 
} 
</code></pre><p>配置代码</p>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">upstream backserver { 
     server 127.0.0.1:8080; 
     server 127.0.0.1:8081; 
    } 

    server {
        listen       80;
server_name  www.epsoft.com;
        location / {
		proxy_pass  http://backserver;
			index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
</code></pre><ol start="4">
<li>宕机轮询配置规则</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">server {
        listen       80;
server_name  www.epsoft.com;
        location / {
		proxy_pass  http://backserver;
			index  index.html index.htm;
			proxy_connect_timeout 1;
proxy_send_timeout 1;
proxy_read_timeout 1;
        }
		
		}
</code></pre><h2 id="nginx解决网站跨域问题">nginx解决网站跨域问题</h2>
<p>配置:</p>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">server {
        listen       80;
server_name  www.epsoft.com;
        location /A {
		proxy_pass  http://a.a.com:81/A;
			index  index.html index.htm;
        }
		location /B {
		proxy_pass  http://b.b.com:81/B;
			index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
</code></pre><h2 id="nginx配置防盗链">nginx配置防盗链</h2>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">location ~ .*\.(jpg|jpeg|JPG|png|gif|icon)$ {
valid_referers blocked http://www.itmayiedu.com www.itmayiedu.com;
        if ($invalid_referer) {
            return 403;
        }
		}
</code></pre><h2 id="nginx配置ddos">nginx配置DDOS</h2>
<p>  设置Nginx、Nginx Plus的连接请求在一个真实用户请求的合理范围内。<br>
比如，如果你觉得一个正常用户每两秒可以请求一次登录页面，你就可以设置Nginx每两秒钟接收一个客户端IP的请求（大约等同于每分钟30个请求）。</p>
<pre><code class="language-conf" data-lang="conf">limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=30r/m;
server {
...
location /login.html {
limit_req zone=one;
...
}
}
</code></pre><p>&ldquo;limit_req_zone&quot;命令设置了一个叫one的共享内存区来存储请求状态的特定键值，<br>
在上面的例子中是客户端IP($binary_remote_addr)。location块中的&quot;limit_req`&rdquo; 
通过引用one共享内存区来实现限制访问/login.html的目的。</p>
<ol>
<li>限制请求速度<br>
设置Nginx、Nginx Plus的连接数在一个真实用户请求的合理范围内。比如，你可以设置每个客户端IP连接/store不可以超过10个。</li>
</ol>

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        <li><strong>原文作者：</strong><a rel="author" href="https://laoer123.gitee.io/laoer123">Jeremy Sze</a></li>
        <li style="word-break:break-all"><strong>原文链接：</strong><a href="https://laoer123.gitee.io/laoer123/post/nginx%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8/">https://laoer123.gitee.io/laoer123/post/nginx%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8/</a></li>
        <li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本作品采用<a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议</a>进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。</li>
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